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Present Perfect
Tense
1.
We often use the
present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past.
We are not interested in when you did something. We only want
to know if you did it.
Ex: He has lived in Bangkok.
2.
We also use the
present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information.
Ex: I have bought a car.
3.
We often use the
present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is
a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and
will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not
an action). We usually use for or since with
this structure.
Ex: I have worked here since June.
PATTERN
·
AFFIRMATIVE FORM :
S + Have/Has + V3 + O.
Example: George has traveled around the world.
·
NEGATIVE FORM : S
+ Have/Has + Not+ V3 + O.
Example: George has not traveled around
the world.
·
INTERROGATIVE FORM
: Have/Has + S+ V3 + O + (?)
Example: Has George traveled
around the world?
·
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE FORM : Have/Has + S+ Not + V3 + O + (?)
Example:
Has
George not traveled around the world?
Present Perfect
Continous(Progessive) Tense
The present perfect continuous is
used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before
now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but
perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in
the process as well as the result, and this process
may still be going on, or may have just finished.
1.
We use the present perfect continuous for
events that began in the past, are continuing now and will probably continue in
the future.
Ex:
I
have been playing tennis since I was 6 years old.
She has been working here for 15
years.
2.
We use it for actions that began in the
past and have only just finished.
Ex: I've
been skiing all day. I'm so tired.
Hello! We've been waiting for you
since 5 o'clock.
PATTERN
·
AFFIRMATIVE FORM :
S + Have/Has + been + Ving + O.
Example: George has been traveling around the world.
·
NEGATIVE FORM : S
+ Have/Has + Not+ + been + Ving + O.
Example: George has not been traveling
around the world.
·
INTERROGATIVE FORM
: Have/Has + S+ been + Ving + O + (?).
Example: Has George been traveling
around the world?
·
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE FORM : Have/Has + S+ Not +
been + Ving + O + (?).
Example:
Has
George not been traveled around the world?
Past
Perfect Tense
1.
We use the past perfect to make it clear
that an action was completed before another action in the past.
Ex: The door bell rang at last. I had been in
the room since breakfast. (The bell rang at noon. I came in the morning -
before that.)
When I arrived there Sarah had already left.
(I arrived after lunch. Sara went before lunch.) I was so hungry! I had not
eaten anything since the morning. (It was late at night.)
2.
It is used to refer to an activity that
was completed before a point of time in the past.
Ex:
In 2005 I had lived in the same place for
ten years.
Had you ever travelled by plane before your
holiday in Spain?
PATTERN
·
AFFIRMATIVE FORM :
S + Have/Has + V3 + O.
Example: George has traveled around the world.
·
NEGATIVE FORM : S
+ Have/Has + Not+ V3 + O.
Example: George has not traveled around
the world.
·
INTERROGATIVE FORM
: Have/Has + S+ V3 + O + (?).
Example: Has George traveled
around the world?
·
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE FORM : Have/Has + S+ Not + V3 + O + (?).
Example:
Has
George not traveled around the world?
Past
Perfect Continuous(Progessive) Tense
1.
We
use the past perfect continuous to look back at a situation in progress.
Examples: It was a good time to invest. Inflation had
been falling for several months.
2.
We
use Past perfect continuous Tense to say what had been happening before
something else happened.
Examples: It had been snowing for a while before we
left.
3.
We
use Past perfect continuous Tense when reporting things said in the past.
Examples: She said she had been trying to call me all
day.
PATTERN
·
AFFIRMATIVE FORM : S + had + been
+ V1-ing/ present participle.
Example: They had been discussing their plan.
·
NEGATIVE FORM : S + had + not + been +
V1-ing/ present participle.
Example: They had not been discussing their
plan.
·
INTERROGATIVE FORM : Had + s + been
+ V1-ing/ present participle +(?).
Example: Had they been discussing their plan?
·
INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE FORM : Had + s + Not +
been + V1-ing/ present participle + (?).
Example: Had they not been discussing their plan?
Source:
Davidsen, Niels. 1990. Tense and mood in English : a comparison with Danish. Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter.
Joshi, Manik. 2014. Using Tenses in English: Past, Present, Future.
Williams, Phil.2014. The English Tenses Practical Grammar Guide.
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