3rd Assignment Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Embedded Question

1.      We can use embedded questions as part of other questions. This is sometimes called an indirect question and is often used to be polite.  

·       Normal question: Where is the station?

·       Indirect question (that includes an embedded question): Could you tell me where the station is?

2.               We can also use embedded questions as part of statements. The embedded question is a noun clause and can be used in a similar way to a noun. For example, we can use it as the subject or the object of the main clause.  

·       Normal question: Where does she work?

·       Embedded question in a statement: I don’t know where she works. (Here ‘where she works’ is the object.)

·       Normal question: Where does she work?

·       Embedded question in a statement: Where she works is very far. (Here ‘where she works’ is the subject.)

Embedded questions can be found WITHIN A STATEMENT

Embedded WH- Qusetions

Example :

Direct Question : Where did i put my pants?

Embedded Question  : I’m not sure where i put my pants.

Embedded YES/NO Questions

Example :

Direct Question : Do you have a headphone?

Embedded Question  : I’ve forgotten if i have a headphone.

Embedded Qusetions can also be found WITHIN A MAIN QUESTION

Embedded WH- Qusetions

Example :

Direct Question : Where does Jimmy’s house?

Embedded Question  : Do you have any idea where does jimmy’s house?

Embedded YES/NO Questions

Example :

Direct Question : Has the class started yet?

Embedded Question  : Can you tell me whether the class starts?

Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentences Type I

Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.

Ex:      If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.   

PATTERN

·                 if + Simple Present, will-Future.

                         Example: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentences Type II

Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“

Ex:      If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.   

PATTERN

·                 if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

                         Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentences Type III

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.

Ex:      If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.   

PATTERN

·                 if + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II

                         Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Comparison

Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.

Comparative

Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared.

PATTERN

·       Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

Example:  Your cat runs faster than Jim's cat.

Superlative

Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects.

PATTERN

·       Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

Example:  Your cat ran the fastest of any cat in the race.

Source:

Cowan, Ron.2008. The Teacher's Grammar of English with Answers: A Course Book and Reference Guide : USA Cambridge University Press.

Joshi, Manik. 2014. English Conditional Sentences: Past, Present, Future; Real, Unreal Conditionals.

Joshi, Manik. 2014. Complete English Grammar.

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2nd Assignment Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Present Perfect Tense

1.               We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it.

Ex:      He has lived in Bangkok.

2.               We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information.

Ex:      I have bought a car.

3.               We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure.

Ex:      I have worked here since June.

PATTERN

·                 AFFIRMATIVE FORM : S + Have/Has + V3 + O.

                         Example: George has traveled around the world.

·                 NEGATIVE FORM : S + Have/Has + Not+ V3 + O.

                   Example: George has not traveled around the world.

·                 INTERROGATIVE FORM : Have/Has + S+ V3 + O + (?)

             Example: Has George traveled around the world?

·                 INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE FORM : Have/Has + S+ Not + V3 + O + (?)

                         Example: Has George not traveled around the world?

Present Perfect Continous(Progessive) Tense

The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.

1.               We use the present perfect continuous for events that began in the past, are continuing now and will probably continue in the future.

Ex:      I have been playing tennis since I was 6 years old. 

She has been working here for 15 years.   

2.               We use it for actions that began in the past and have only just finished.

Ex:      I've been skiing all day. I'm so tired. 

Hello! We've been waiting for you since 5 o'clock.  

PATTERN

·                 AFFIRMATIVE FORM : S + Have/Has + been + Ving + O.

                         Example: George has been traveling around the world.

·                 NEGATIVE FORM : S + Have/Has + Not+ + been + Ving + O.

                   Example: George has not been traveling around the world.

·                 INTERROGATIVE FORM : Have/Has + S+ been + Ving + O + (?).

             Example: Has George been traveling around the world?

·                 INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE FORM : Have/Has + S+ Not +  been + Ving + O + (?).

                         Example: Has George not been traveled around the world?

Past Perfect Tense

1.               We use the past perfect to make it clear that an action was completed before another action in the past.

Ex:        The door bell rang at last. I had been in the room since breakfast. (The bell rang at noon. I came in the morning - before that.) 

              When I arrived there Sarah had already left. (I arrived after lunch. Sara went before lunch.) I was so hungry! I had not eaten anything since the morning. (It was late at night.)

2.               It is used to refer to an activity that was completed before a point of time in the past.

Ex:      In 2005 I had lived in the same place for ten years.

             Had you ever travelled by plane before your holiday in Spain?

PATTERN

·                 AFFIRMATIVE FORM : S + Have/Has + V3 + O.

                         Example: George has traveled around the world.

·                 NEGATIVE FORM : S + Have/Has + Not+ V3 + O.

                   Example: George has not traveled around the world.

·                 INTERROGATIVE FORM : Have/Has + S+ V3 + O + (?).

             Example: Has George traveled around the world?

·                 INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE FORM : Have/Has + S+ Not + V3 + O + (?).

                         Example: Has George not traveled around the world?

Past Perfect Continuous(Progessive) Tense

1.     We use the past perfect continuous to look back at a situation in progress.

Examples: It was a good time to invest. Inflation had been falling for several months.

2.     We use Past perfect continuous Tense to say what had been happening before something else happened.

Examples: It had been snowing for a while before we left.

3.     We use Past perfect continuous Tense when reporting things said in the past.

Examples: She said she had been trying to call me all day.

PATTERN

·                 AFFIRMATIVE FORM : S + had + been + V1-ing/ present participle.

Example:  They had been discussing their plan.

·                 NEGATIVE FORM : S + had + not + been + V1-ing/ present participle.

Example:  They had not been discussing their plan.

·                 INTERROGATIVE FORM : Had + s + been + V1-ing/ present participle +(?).

Example: Had they been discussing their plan?

·                 INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE FORM : Had + s + Not + been + V1-ing/ present participle + (?).

Example: Had they not been discussing their plan?

Source:

Davidsen, Niels. 1990. Tense and mood in English : a comparison with Danish. Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter.

Joshi, Manik. 2014. Using Tenses in English: Past, Present, Future.

Williams, Phil.2014. The English Tenses Practical Grammar Guide.

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Tugas 2: Tools IT Forensics

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1st Assignment Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

What are “Tense”?

Tense could be defined as “any of the form of a verb that may be used to show the time of the action or an event or state expressed by the verb”.

Simple Present Tense

1.     We use the simple present tense for activities that happen again and again (everyday, sometimes, ever, never).

Ex: I sometimes go to school by bike. You don't speak Greek. Do they get up early?

2.     We use it for facts that are always true.

Ex: Our planet moves round the sun. 

3.     With a future time expression (tomorrow, next week) the present simple is used for planned future actions (timetables).

Ex: The train leaves at 8.15.

PATTERN

·       AFFIRMATIVE FORM : S + V1 + s/es + O.

                         Example: He always works very hard in the office.

·       NEGATIVE FORM : S + Do not/Does not+V1 + s/es + O.

                   Example: He does not work very hard in the office.

·       INTERROGATIVE FORM : Do/Does + S+ V1 + s/es + O + (?)

             Example: Does he work very hard in the office?

Present Continuous(Progessive) Tense

1.     The present continuous tense is used if we want to say that something is happening at the time of speaking. We often use it with time expressions such as now or at the moment.

Ex: I am doing housework at the moment. You aren't listening to me now!  Look at him! What is he doing

2.     For temporary activities that are true now, but maybe not happening at the time of speaking. Time expressions such as today, this week or these days are typical of this use.

Ex: I am in London. I am learning English here. 

3.     For planned future arrangements. The time of the action must be given in the sentence (soon, tomorrow, on Monday, next week), otherwise it is not clear that we talk about future.

Ex: I am coming soon. We are leaving on Monday

4.     With always to express the idea that something happens too often and it annoys the speaker.

Ex: I am always forgetting my keys. He is always smoking in the living room!

PATTERN

·       AFFIRMATIVE FORM : S + To be (is,am,are) + V-ing + O

             Example: I am watching a film.

·       NEGATIVE FORM : S +  To be (is,am,are) + not + Ving + O

             Example: She is not writing a letter.

·       INTERROGATIVE FORM : To be (is,am,are) + S + Ving + O

             Example: Are you waiting for me here?

Simple Past Tense

1.     We use the simple past for activities or situations that were completed in the past at a definite time.

a)     The time can be given in the sentence: I came home at 6 o'clock. 

When he was a child, he didn't live in a house.

2.      We use it for repeated actions in the past.

 Ex: We walked to school every day.

3.      It is used in stories to describe events that follow each other.     

Ex: Charles entered the hall and looked around. He took off his coat and put it on a chair. He was at home.

PATTERN

·       AFFIRMATIVE FORM : S + V2 + O

             Example: I went to the cinema last week.

·       NEGATIVE FORM : S + did + not + V1 + O

             Example: He did not write a letter.

·       INTERROGATIVE FORM : Did + S + V1 + O+ (?)

                   Example: Did you not watch tv last night?

Past Continuous(Progessive) Tense

1.     We use the continuous tense for actions or situations in the past that were not completed.  Ex: From 10 to 12 I was washing my car. I was in the garage.  (I did not finish my work. It was in progress. I started before.

2.     Both the simple past and the past progressive can be used to show actions that happened over time in the past. Because of this, there are many times when both tenses are okay.
Ex: While John studied for his history test, Ludwig watched TV. While John was studying for his history test, Ludwig was watching TV.
(These two sentences mean the same thing.)

3.     When we use past progressive with simple past (see point #2), we can use
either when or while to join the two clauses. When comes at the beginning of a
clause that uses simple past, and while comes at the beginning of a clause
that uses past progressive. Either clause can come first.

PATTERN

·       AFFIRMATIVE FORM : S + Was/Were + Ving + O

             Example: I was watching a film earlier.

·       NEGATIVE FORM : S + Was/Were + Not + Ving + O

             Example: She was not writing a letter.

·       INTERROGATIVE FORM : Was/Were + S + Ving + O

                   Example: Was he waiting for me here?

Source:

Davidsen, Niels. 1990. Tense and mood in English : a comparison with Danish. Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter.

Joshi, Manik. 2014. Using Tenses in English: Past, Present, Future.

Williams, Phil.2014. The English Tenses Practical Grammar Guide.

Read More